deps(deps): update github artifact actions (major) by renovate[bot] · Pull Request #158 · wayofdev/docker-php-base

renovate · 2025-08-06T00:30:34Z

This PR contains the following updates:

Package	Type	Update	Change
actions/download-artifact	action	major	`v4` → `v8`
actions/upload-artifact	action	major	`v4` → `v7`

Release Notes

actions/download-artifact (actions/download-artifact)

actions/upload-artifact (actions/upload-artifact)

`v7`

Compare Source

`v6`

Compare Source

`v5`

Compare Source

Configuration

📅 Schedule: Branch creation - At any time (no schedule defined), Automerge - At any time (no schedule defined).

🚦 Automerge: Enabled.

♻ Rebasing: Whenever PR is behind base branch, or you tick the rebase/retry checkbox.

👻 Immortal: This PR will be recreated if closed unmerged. Get config help if that's undesired.

If you want to rebase/retry this PR, check this box

This PR was generated by Mend Renovate. View the repository job log.

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:22Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:f8a7a9f49437fa03505018797fc2834e9c6f12ced48b2e2bada65425bea98db5`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	71 MB
packages	121

📦 Base Image php:2bc2a355c610a5ce2f4854d785c740aafe346f652caa7a4960796338a17a0ffe

also known as	`8.3-fpm-alpine` `8.3-fpm-alpine3.22` `8.3.24-fpm-alpine` `8.3.24-fpm-alpine3.22`
digest	`sha256:994a36314a28fed17d2d9d66ff694817dcf51343c7d42e1890ec75b3406a3caf`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:23Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:7c8be578536d7bd1bdeecf249d494e75655fb67dd6e8b04b36e492aa95d3b196`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	75 MB
packages	120

📦 Base Image php:8.2-alpine

also known as	`8.2-alpine3.22` `8.2-cli-alpine` `8.2-cli-alpine3.22` `8.2.29-alpine` `8.2.29-alpine3.22` `8.2.29-cli-alpine` `8.2.29-cli-alpine3.22` `d8f4974194fb8fae35528e5ff3f03ca3566ee2e502f953b7817e0cbefebf8a0d`
digest	`sha256:cdee2ae021443a0806843448eb174a188d6e6d85377a2e5a9bcd44161001fb8d`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:23Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:af3ae27a5238e5d00ecb20b684e18181ea5331246645c6bed6296b516666c458`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	75 MB
packages	121

📦 Base Image php:639b54f0afafe1a50d5dfdf4306b05aa09357ed7292390e3ed242ecfc57cc7e0

also known as	`8-fpm-alpine` `8-fpm-alpine3.22` `8.4-fpm-alpine` `8.4-fpm-alpine3.22` `8.4.11-fpm-alpine` `8.4.11-fpm-alpine3.22` `fpm-alpine` `fpm-alpine3.22`
digest	`sha256:dd4b38d02d63413f45aea06eaaf1ac2410b7cbe81b017efd3d6feefb142809b2`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:23Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:2cd6385b2a3394cfa90d1127681504df6ad9dff93a9a8f461749157052f5d119`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	72 MB
packages	118

📦 Base Image php:8.1-alpine

also known as	`8.1-alpine3.21` `8.1-cli-alpine` `8.1-cli-alpine3.21` `8.1.33-alpine` `8.1.33-alpine3.21` `8.1.33-cli-alpine` `8.1.33-cli-alpine3.21` `84499e7665570bbef8ca20d15c642d8d9485a887d6be7a8b335ca33b5d3126f0`
digest	`sha256:6ed5103426b2c742dcc4721afa9864e7faaedcbb84c92410762d0c5162a8bdb2`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:24Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.3-fpm-alpine

Name	8.3.24-fpm-alpine3.22
Digest	sha256:994a36314a28fed17d2d9d66ff694817dcf51343c7d42e1890ec75b3406a3caf
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	5 days ago
Size	33 MB
Packages	61
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.22
Runtime	8.3.24

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.3-fpm-alpine3.22, 8.3.24-fpm-alpine, 8.3.24-fpm-alpine3.22

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`8.4-fpm-alpine` Image has same number of vulnerabilities Also known as: 8.4.11-fpm-alpine 8.4.11-fpm-alpine3.22 8.4-fpm-alpine3.22 8-fpm-alpine 8-fpm-alpine3.22 fpm-alpine fpm-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22	4 days ago

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:26Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8-fpm-alpine

Name	fpm-alpine3.22
Digest	sha256:dd4b38d02d63413f45aea06eaaf1ac2410b7cbe81b017efd3d6feefb142809b2
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	4 days ago
Size	37 MB
Packages	61
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.22

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8-fpm-alpine3.22, 8.4-fpm-alpine, 8.4-fpm-alpine3.22, 8.4.11-fpm-alpine, 8.4.11-fpm-alpine3.22, fpm-alpine, fpm-alpine3.22

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed
`8.3-fpm-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.24-fpm-alpine 8.3.24-fpm-alpine3.22 8.3-fpm-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image is smaller by 3.3 MB Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 33 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.3.24	5 days ago
`8.2-fpm-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.2.29-fpm-alpine 8.2.29-fpm-alpine3.22 8.2-fpm-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image is smaller by 4.0 MB Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages 8.2-fpm-alpine was pulled 4.1K times last month Image details: Size: 32 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.2.29	5 days ago
`8.1-fpm-alpine3.22` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.1.33-fpm-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image is smaller by 4.5 MB Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 32 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.1.33	5 days ago

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:26Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.2-alpine

Name	8.2.29-alpine3.22
Digest	sha256:cdee2ae021443a0806843448eb174a188d6e6d85377a2e5a9bcd44161001fb8d
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	5 days ago
Size	37 MB
Packages	60
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.22
Runtime	8.2.29

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.2-alpine3.22, 8.2-cli-alpine, 8.2-cli-alpine3.22, 8.2.29-alpine, 8.2.29-alpine3.22, 8.2.29-cli-alpine, 8.2.29-cli-alpine3.22

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`8.4-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.11-cli-alpine 8.4.11-cli-alpine3.22 8.4-cli-alpine 8.4-cli-alpine3.22 8-cli-alpine 8-cli-alpine3.22 cli-alpine cli-alpine3.22 alpine alpine3.22 8.4.11-alpine 8.4.11-alpine3.22 8.4-alpine3.22 8-alpine 8-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 42 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.4.11	4 days ago
`8.3-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.24-cli-alpine 8.3.24-cli-alpine3.22 8.3-cli-alpine 8.3-cli-alpine3.22 8.3.24-alpine 8.3.24-alpine3.22 8.3-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.3.24	5 days ago

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:26Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.1-alpine

Name	8.1.33-alpine3.21
Digest	sha256:6ed5103426b2c742dcc4721afa9864e7faaedcbb84c92410762d0c5162a8bdb2
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	5 days ago
Size	36 MB
Packages	59
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.21
Runtime	8.1.33

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.1-alpine3.21, 8.1-cli-alpine, 8.1-cli-alpine3.21, 8.1.33-alpine, 8.1.33-alpine3.21, 8.1.33-cli-alpine, 8.1.33-cli-alpine3.21

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed
`8.1-alpine3.22` Patch runtime version update Also known as: 8.1.33-cli-alpine3.22 8.1-cli-alpine3.22 8.1.33-alpine3.22	Benefits: Patch runtime version update Same OS detected Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages Image details: Size: 36 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.1.33	5 days ago
`8.4-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.11-cli-alpine 8.4.11-cli-alpine3.22 8.4-cli-alpine 8.4-cli-alpine3.22 8-cli-alpine 8-cli-alpine3.22 cli-alpine cli-alpine3.22 alpine alpine3.22 8.4.11-alpine 8.4.11-alpine3.22 8.4-alpine3.22 8-alpine 8-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages Image details: Size: 42 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.4.11	4 days ago
`8.4-alpine3.21` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.11-cli-alpine3.21 8.4-cli-alpine3.21 8-cli-alpine3.21 cli-alpine3.21 alpine3.21 8.4.11-alpine3.21 8-alpine3.21	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 42 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.21 Runtime: 8.4.11	4 days ago
`8.3-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.24-cli-alpine 8.3.24-cli-alpine3.22 8.3-cli-alpine 8.3-cli-alpine3.22 8.3.24-alpine 8.3.24-alpine3.22 8.3-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.3.24	5 days ago
`8.3-alpine3.21` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.24-cli-alpine3.21 8.3-cli-alpine3.21 8.3.24-alpine3.21	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.21 Runtime: 8.3.24	5 days ago
`8.2-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.2.29-cli-alpine 8.2.29-cli-alpine3.22 8.2-cli-alpine 8.2-cli-alpine3.22 8.2.29-alpine 8.2.29-alpine3.22 8.2-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages 8.2-alpine was pulled 1.8K times last month Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.2.29	5 days ago
`8.2-alpine3.21` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.2.29-cli-alpine3.21 8.2-cli-alpine3.21 8.2.29-alpine3.21	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 36 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.21 Runtime: 8.2.29	5 days ago

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:28Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:a2231c6cc67d2e9e27e649c249525c6212f804a93bd252992b800c83d75885af`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	70 MB
packages	121

📦 Base Image php:3effc26a4a8524994f6fd9e3c99f564bfdee610687d2d1d455996608118a910f

also known as	`8.2-fpm-alpine` `8.2-fpm-alpine3.22` `8.2.29-fpm-alpine` `8.2.29-fpm-alpine3.22`
digest	`sha256:a992b4453c7ffe21584867dced3a8b82c896603a10bfe3f7ec734729e26fcda5`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:28Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:702602bb06d4044292a74cfb599106c2f43e7577eea5834027d79636b4cbc96d`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	100 MB
packages	158

📦 Base Image php:8-alpine

also known as	`8-alpine3.22` `8-cli-alpine` `8-cli-alpine3.22` `8.4-alpine` `8.4-alpine3.22` `8.4-cli-alpine` `8.4-cli-alpine3.22` `8.4.11-alpine` `8.4.11-alpine3.22` `8.4.11-cli-alpine` `8.4.11-cli-alpine3.22` `alpine` `alpine3.22` `cli-alpine` `cli-alpine3.22` `e4f9bb894d0d59558802c50d63685a084b2b4fb7eb77398e783423beab34d48f`
digest	`sha256:4ff5194e9fa697591425fa74e939879cde8c0d0da6a53b4b247cc47f43eb7d91`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:31Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8-alpine

Name	8.4.11-alpine3.22
Digest	sha256:4ff5194e9fa697591425fa74e939879cde8c0d0da6a53b4b247cc47f43eb7d91
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	4 days ago
Size	42 MB
Packages	60
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.22
Runtime	8.4.11

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8-alpine3.22, 8-cli-alpine, 8-cli-alpine3.22, 8.4-alpine, 8.4-alpine3.22, 8.4-cli-alpine, 8.4-cli-alpine3.22, 8.4.11-alpine, 8.4.11-alpine3.22, 8.4.11-cli-alpine, 8.4.11-cli-alpine3.22, alpine, alpine3.22, cli-alpine, cli-alpine3.22

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

✅ There are no tag recommendations at this time.

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:31Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:a57955156751508081bd468051b5620a3643d0aab10eab5569232a3c132c10d8`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	76 MB
packages	120

📦 Base Image php:8.3-alpine

also known as	`8.3-alpine3.22` `8.3-cli-alpine` `8.3-cli-alpine3.22` `8.3.24-alpine` `8.3.24-alpine3.22` `8.3.24-cli-alpine` `8.3.24-cli-alpine3.22` `b026e7d2fc6d7801e1af55dc42c7409b2f38d6b42c32494e9276b6ef40a28ee3`
digest	`sha256:f43a903b3e7fb97ce6ecdc8ab54c4beeebc913c38697740c6e9dd0d69fc37322`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:31Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.2-fpm-alpine

Name	8.2.29-fpm-alpine3.22
Digest	sha256:a992b4453c7ffe21584867dced3a8b82c896603a10bfe3f7ec734729e26fcda5
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	5 days ago
Size	32 MB
Packages	61
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.22
Runtime	8.2.29

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.2-fpm-alpine3.22, 8.2.29-fpm-alpine, 8.2.29-fpm-alpine3.22

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`8.3-fpm-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.24-fpm-alpine 8.3.24-fpm-alpine3.22 8.3-fpm-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 33 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.3.24	5 days ago
`8.4-fpm-alpine` Image has same number of vulnerabilities Also known as: 8.4.11-fpm-alpine 8.4.11-fpm-alpine3.22 8.4-fpm-alpine3.22 8-fpm-alpine 8-fpm-alpine3.22 fpm-alpine fpm-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22	4 days ago

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:34Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:391d5eb07e43319cceb9f81a5eda591f1b1d49ce986a893ec99e82275e2b6ad3`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	81 MB
packages	120

📦 Base Image php:8-alpine

also known as	`8-alpine3.22` `8-cli-alpine` `8-cli-alpine3.22` `8.4-alpine` `8.4-alpine3.22` `8.4-cli-alpine` `8.4-cli-alpine3.22` `8.4.11-alpine` `8.4.11-alpine3.22` `8.4.11-cli-alpine` `8.4.11-cli-alpine3.22` `alpine` `alpine3.22` `cli-alpine` `cli-alpine3.22` `e4f9bb894d0d59558802c50d63685a084b2b4fb7eb77398e783423beab34d48f`
digest	`sha256:4ff5194e9fa697591425fa74e939879cde8c0d0da6a53b4b247cc47f43eb7d91`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:34Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:e634053b9a5e6ec95b25cff937cb1668039a3d6bd1c03393d6f72df012e25482`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	91 MB
packages	139

📦 Base Image php:8.1-alpine

also known as	`8.1-alpine3.21` `8.1-cli-alpine` `8.1-cli-alpine3.21` `8.1.33-alpine` `8.1.33-alpine3.21` `8.1.33-cli-alpine` `8.1.33-cli-alpine3.21` `84499e7665570bbef8ca20d15c642d8d9485a887d6be7a8b335ca33b5d3126f0`
digest	`sha256:6ed5103426b2c742dcc4721afa9864e7faaedcbb84c92410762d0c5162a8bdb2`
vulnerabilities

setuptools 70.3.0 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/setuptools@70.3.0

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Affected range	`<78.1.1`
Fixed version	`78.1.1`
CVSS Score	`7.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P`
EPSS Score	`0.139%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

Summary

A path traversal vulnerability in PackageIndex was fixed in setuptools version 78.1.1

Details
    def _download_url(self, url, tmpdir):
        # Determine download filename
        #
        name, _fragment = egg_info_for_url(url)
        if name:
            while '..' in name:
                name = name.replace('..', '.').replace('\\', '_')
        else:
            name = "__downloaded__"  # default if URL has no path contents

        if name.endswith('.[egg.zip](http://egg.zip/)'):
            name = name[:-4]  # strip the extra .zip before download

 -->       filename = os.path.join(tmpdir, name)
Here: https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/blob/6ead555c5fb29bc57fe6105b1bffc163f56fd558/setuptools/package_index.py#L810C1-L825C88

os.path.join() discards the first argument tmpdir if the second begins with a slash or drive letter.
name is derived from a URL without sufficient sanitization. While there is some attempt to sanitize by replacing instances of '..' with '.', it is insufficient.

Risk Assessment

As easy_install and package_index are deprecated, the exploitation surface is reduced.
However, it seems this could be exploited in a similar fashion like GHSA-r9hx-vwmv-q579, and as described by POC 4 in GHSA-cx63-2mw6-8hw5 report: via malicious URLs present on the pages of a package index.

Impact

An attacker would be allowed to write files to arbitrary locations on the filesystem with the permissions of the process running the Python code, which could escalate to RCE depending on the context.

References

https://huntr.com/bounties/d6362117-ad57-4e83-951f-b8141c6e7ca5
pypa/setuptools#4946

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:36Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.3-alpine

Name	8.3.24-alpine3.22
Digest	sha256:f43a903b3e7fb97ce6ecdc8ab54c4beeebc913c38697740c6e9dd0d69fc37322
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	5 days ago
Size	37 MB
Packages	60
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.22
Runtime	8.3.24

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.3-alpine3.22, 8.3-cli-alpine, 8.3-cli-alpine3.22, 8.3.24-alpine, 8.3.24-alpine3.22, 8.3.24-cli-alpine, 8.3.24-cli-alpine3.22

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Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`8.4-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.11-cli-alpine 8.4.11-cli-alpine3.22 8.4-cli-alpine 8.4-cli-alpine3.22 8-cli-alpine 8-cli-alpine3.22 cli-alpine cli-alpine3.22 alpine alpine3.22 8.4.11-alpine 8.4.11-alpine3.22 8.4-alpine3.22 8-alpine 8-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 42 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.4.11	4 days ago

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:36Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:e4f8e7efde519da119f78eedfb5d54a43f8842e65b89e97fca1ba82c1d176e39`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	68 MB
packages	119

📦 Base Image php:8.1-fpm-alpine

also known as	`8.1-fpm-alpine3.21` `8.1.33-fpm-alpine` `8.1.33-fpm-alpine3.21` `da3eabe89d0c6c833838e3480d063d65f38577bc37dc976948b9352f3fb3d2fb`
digest	`sha256:4268ab6c629f48d1f77ff76b70355c1f384d95028c301d7a9d07a5f1644d4072`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:37Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8-alpine

Name	8.4.11-alpine3.22
Digest	sha256:4ff5194e9fa697591425fa74e939879cde8c0d0da6a53b4b247cc47f43eb7d91
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	4 days ago
Size	42 MB
Packages	60
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.22
Runtime	8.4.11

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8-alpine3.22, 8-cli-alpine, 8-cli-alpine3.22, 8.4-alpine, 8.4-alpine3.22, 8.4-cli-alpine, 8.4-cli-alpine3.22, 8.4.11-alpine, 8.4.11-alpine3.22, 8.4.11-cli-alpine, 8.4.11-cli-alpine3.22, alpine, alpine3.22, cli-alpine, cli-alpine3.22

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✅ This image version is up to date.

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✅ There are no tag recommendations at this time.

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:37Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.1-alpine

Name	8.1.33-alpine3.21
Digest	sha256:6ed5103426b2c742dcc4721afa9864e7faaedcbb84c92410762d0c5162a8bdb2
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	5 days ago
Size	36 MB
Packages	59
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.21
Runtime	8.1.33

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.1-alpine3.21, 8.1-cli-alpine, 8.1-cli-alpine3.21, 8.1.33-alpine, 8.1.33-alpine3.21, 8.1.33-cli-alpine, 8.1.33-cli-alpine3.21

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✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed
`8.1-alpine3.22` Patch runtime version update Also known as: 8.1.33-cli-alpine3.22 8.1-cli-alpine3.22 8.1.33-alpine3.22	Benefits: Patch runtime version update Same OS detected Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages Image details: Size: 36 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.1.33	5 days ago
`8.4-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.11-cli-alpine 8.4.11-cli-alpine3.22 8.4-cli-alpine 8.4-cli-alpine3.22 8-cli-alpine 8-cli-alpine3.22 cli-alpine cli-alpine3.22 alpine alpine3.22 8.4.11-alpine 8.4.11-alpine3.22 8.4-alpine3.22 8-alpine 8-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages Image details: Size: 42 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.4.11	4 days ago
`8.4-alpine3.21` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.11-cli-alpine3.21 8.4-cli-alpine3.21 8-cli-alpine3.21 cli-alpine3.21 alpine3.21 8.4.11-alpine3.21 8-alpine3.21	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 42 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.21 Runtime: 8.4.11	4 days ago
`8.3-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.24-cli-alpine 8.3.24-cli-alpine3.22 8.3-cli-alpine 8.3-cli-alpine3.22 8.3.24-alpine 8.3.24-alpine3.22 8.3-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.3.24	5 days ago
`8.3-alpine3.21` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.24-cli-alpine3.21 8.3-cli-alpine3.21 8.3.24-alpine3.21	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.21 Runtime: 8.3.24	5 days ago
`8.2-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.2.29-cli-alpine 8.2.29-cli-alpine3.22 8.2-cli-alpine 8.2-cli-alpine3.22 8.2.29-alpine 8.2.29-alpine3.22 8.2-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages 8.2-alpine was pulled 1.8K times last month Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.2.29	5 days ago
`8.2-alpine3.21` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.2.29-cli-alpine3.21 8.2-cli-alpine3.21 8.2.29-alpine3.21	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 36 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.21 Runtime: 8.2.29	5 days ago

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:40Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.1-fpm-alpine

Name	8.1.33-fpm-alpine3.21
Digest	sha256:4268ab6c629f48d1f77ff76b70355c1f384d95028c301d7a9d07a5f1644d4072
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	5 days ago
Size	32 MB
Packages	60
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.21
Runtime	8.1.33

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.1-fpm-alpine3.21, 8.1.33-fpm-alpine, 8.1.33-fpm-alpine3.21

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed
`8.1-fpm-alpine3.22` Patch runtime version update Also known as: 8.1.33-fpm-alpine3.22	Benefits: Patch runtime version update Same OS detected Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages Image details: Size: 32 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.1.33	5 days ago
`8.3-fpm-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.24-fpm-alpine 8.3.24-fpm-alpine3.22 8.3-fpm-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages Image details: Size: 33 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.3.24	5 days ago
`8.3-fpm-alpine3.21` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.24-fpm-alpine3.21	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 33 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.21 Runtime: 8.3.24	5 days ago
`8.2-fpm-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.2.29-fpm-alpine 8.2.29-fpm-alpine3.22 8.2-fpm-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages 8.2-fpm-alpine was pulled 4.1K times last month Image details: Size: 32 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.2.29	5 days ago
`8.2-fpm-alpine3.21` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.2.29-fpm-alpine3.21	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 32 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.21 Runtime: 8.2.29	5 days ago
`8.4-fpm-alpine` Image has same number of vulnerabilities Also known as: 8.4.11-fpm-alpine 8.4.11-fpm-alpine3.22 8.4-fpm-alpine3.22 8-fpm-alpine 8-fpm-alpine3.22 fpm-alpine fpm-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains similar number of packages Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22	4 days ago
`8.4-fpm-alpine3.21` Image has same number of vulnerabilities Also known as: 8.4.11-fpm-alpine3.21 8-fpm-alpine3.21 fpm-alpine3.21	Benefits: Same OS detected Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 36 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.21	4 days ago

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:44Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:6dbd5583613b8809280dc8c4f28b8efc1479450967e9b224be776143f53c8a57`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	95 MB
packages	158

📦 Base Image php:8.3-alpine

also known as	`8.3-alpine3.22` `8.3-cli-alpine` `8.3-cli-alpine3.22` `8.3.24-alpine` `8.3.24-alpine3.22` `8.3.24-cli-alpine` `8.3.24-cli-alpine3.22` `b026e7d2fc6d7801e1af55dc42c7409b2f38d6b42c32494e9276b6ef40a28ee3`
digest	`sha256:f43a903b3e7fb97ce6ecdc8ab54c4beeebc913c38697740c6e9dd0d69fc37322`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:47Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.3-alpine

Name	8.3.24-alpine3.22
Digest	sha256:f43a903b3e7fb97ce6ecdc8ab54c4beeebc913c38697740c6e9dd0d69fc37322
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	5 days ago
Size	37 MB
Packages	60
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.22
Runtime	8.3.24

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.3-alpine3.22, 8.3-cli-alpine, 8.3-cli-alpine3.22, 8.3.24-alpine, 8.3.24-alpine3.22, 8.3.24-cli-alpine, 8.3.24-cli-alpine3.22

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Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`8.4-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.11-cli-alpine 8.4.11-cli-alpine3.22 8.4-cli-alpine 8.4-cli-alpine3.22 8-cli-alpine 8-cli-alpine3.22 cli-alpine cli-alpine3.22 alpine alpine3.22 8.4.11-alpine 8.4.11-alpine3.22 8.4-alpine3.22 8-alpine 8-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 42 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.4.11	4 days ago

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:51Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:e5a827527652db29de583f69afe439597fc059ba5ffc66b8c4e97957cf7ec394`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	94 MB
packages	158

📦 Base Image php:8.2-alpine

also known as	`8.2-alpine3.22` `8.2-cli-alpine` `8.2-cli-alpine3.22` `8.2.29-alpine` `8.2.29-alpine3.22` `8.2.29-cli-alpine` `8.2.29-cli-alpine3.22` `d8f4974194fb8fae35528e5ff3f03ca3566ee2e502f953b7817e0cbefebf8a0d`
digest	`sha256:cdee2ae021443a0806843448eb174a188d6e6d85377a2e5a9bcd44161001fb8d`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-08-06T00:31:55Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.2-alpine

Name	8.2.29-alpine3.22
Digest	sha256:cdee2ae021443a0806843448eb174a188d6e6d85377a2e5a9bcd44161001fb8d
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	5 days ago
Size	37 MB
Packages	60
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.22
Runtime	8.2.29

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.2-alpine3.22, 8.2-cli-alpine, 8.2-cli-alpine3.22, 8.2.29-alpine, 8.2.29-alpine3.22, 8.2.29-cli-alpine, 8.2.29-cli-alpine3.22

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`8.4-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.11-cli-alpine 8.4.11-cli-alpine3.22 8.4-cli-alpine 8.4-cli-alpine3.22 8-cli-alpine 8-cli-alpine3.22 cli-alpine cli-alpine3.22 alpine alpine3.22 8.4.11-alpine 8.4.11-alpine3.22 8.4-alpine3.22 8-alpine 8-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 42 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.4.11	4 days ago
`8.3-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.3.24-cli-alpine 8.3.24-cli-alpine3.22 8.3-cli-alpine 8.3-cli-alpine3.22 8.3.24-alpine 8.3.24-alpine3.22 8.3-alpine3.22	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 37 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.22 Runtime: 8.3.24	5 days ago

github-actions · 2025-10-24T19:00:08Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

📦 Image Reference wayofdev/php-base:latest

digest	`sha256:ae4704988e7046e437259ebacbb3f99ebd0dd3aac56382366c28a2ad4ecaedfa`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	76 MB
packages	120

📦 Base Image php:74ac207bc0116b73c198b79097c2361bd6912313efa113924e020d0c351b6e34

also known as	`8.3-alpine` `8.3-alpine3.22` `8.3-cli-alpine` `8.3-cli-alpine3.22` `8.3.26-alpine` `8.3.26-alpine3.22` `8.3.26-cli-alpine` `8.3.26-cli-alpine3.22`
digest	`sha256:990340d4a014d0090ec564f95d4fdca42b3cbeeaf8b9f0ac9105c1707cff72aa`
vulnerabilities

github-actions · 2025-12-12T21:02:57Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.3-fpm-alpine

Name	8.3.28-fpm-alpine3.23
Digest	sha256:012d0ae862d425ed0eb4766e6fadf081f6930885cb9a9069d4405d3fa1a62416
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 week ago
Size	34 MB
Packages	62
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.23
Runtime	8.3.28

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.3-fpm-alpine3.23, 8.3.28-fpm-alpine, 8.3.28-fpm-alpine3.23

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`8.4-fpm-alpine` Minor runtime version update Also known as: 8.4.15-fpm-alpine 8.4.15-fpm-alpine3.23 8.4-fpm-alpine3.23	Benefits: Same OS detected Minor runtime version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 36 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.23 Runtime: 8.4.15	1 week ago
`8.5-fpm-alpine` Image has same number of vulnerabilities Also known as: 8.5.0-fpm-alpine 8.5.0-fpm-alpine3.23 8.5-fpm-alpine3.23 8-fpm-alpine 8-fpm-alpine3.23 fpm-alpine fpm-alpine3.23	Benefits: Same OS detected Image contains 1 fewer package Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 38 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.23	1 week ago

github-actions · 2025-12-12T21:03:00Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `wayofdev/php-base:latest`

Base image is php:8.4-fpm-alpine

Name	8.4.15-fpm-alpine3.23
Digest	sha256:6e3d4a3c8e65530ef86a05728f302dfa5c1e89c2903a08a75b4fb72c987cd3c4
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	1 week ago
Size	36 MB
Packages	62
Flavor	alpine
OS	3.23
Runtime	8.4.15

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 8.4-fpm-alpine3.23, 8.4.15-fpm-alpine, 8.4.15-fpm-alpine3.23

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`8.5-fpm-alpine` Image has same number of vulnerabilities Also known as: 8.5.0-fpm-alpine 8.5.0-fpm-alpine3.23 8.5-fpm-alpine3.23 8-fpm-alpine 8-fpm-alpine3.23 fpm-alpine fpm-alpine3.23	Benefits: Same OS detected Image contains 1 fewer package Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 38 MB Flavor: alpine OS: 3.23	1 week ago

github-actions · 2025-12-12T21:03:00Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1`

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 months ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`3.21` Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	2 months ago
`3.23` Tag is latest Also known as: latest	Benefits: Minor OS version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Tag is latest Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 2 Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 3.9 MB OS: 3.23	1 week ago

github-actions · 2025-12-12T21:03:00Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `moby/buildkit:buildx-stable-1`

Base image is alpine:3

Name	3.22.2
Digest	sha256:85f2b723e106c34644cd5851d7e81ee87da98ac54672b29947c052a45d31dc2f
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 months ago
Size	3.8 MB
Packages	20
OS	3.22.2

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): 3.22, 3.22.2, latest

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`3.21` Tag is preferred tag Also known as: 3.21.5	Benefits: Image is smaller by 156 KB Minor OS version update Image contains 1 fewer package Tag is preferred tag Tag was pushed more recently Image has same number of vulnerabilities Image details: Size: 3.6 MB OS: 3.21.5	2 months ago
`3.23` Tag is latest Also known as: latest	Benefits: Minor OS version update Tag was pushed more recently Image has similar size Tag is latest Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 2 Image contains equal number of packages Image details: Size: 3.9 MB OS: 3.23	1 week ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:11Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:14Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:14Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:16Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:18Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:18Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:29Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:32Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:33Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:34Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:36Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:37Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:38Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:38Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:41Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

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Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:43Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:43Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:49Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:28:58Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:29:03Z

Outdated

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:29:04Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:29:08Z

Outdated

Recommended fixes for image `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

Base image is ubuntu:24.04

Name	24.04
Digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
Vulnerabilities
Pushed	2 weeks ago
Size	30 MB
Packages	131
OS	24.04

The base image is also available under the supported tag(s): latest, noble

Refresh base image

Rebuild the image using a newer base image version. Updating this may result in breaking changes.

✅ This image version is up to date.

Change base image

Tag	Details	Pushed	Vulnerabilities
`26.04` Major OS version update Also known as: devel resolute resolute-20260108	Benefits: Image contains 9 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 26.04	1 month ago
`25.10` Major OS version update Also known as: rolling questing questing-20251217	Benefits: Image contains 7 fewer packages Image has similar size Image introduces no new vulnerability but removes 9 Major OS version update Image details: Size: 34 MB OS: 25.10	2 months ago

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:29:11Z

🔍 Vulnerabilities of `ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest`

📦 Image Reference ghcr.io/dependabot/dependabot-updater-core:latest

digest	`sha256:bf54b2c91cecf373014f9da2661b8bde31e370172c9d5e3bc190b683ca4e2139`
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	347 MB
packages	597

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	`latest` `noble`
digest	`sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237`
vulnerabilities

stdlib 1.18.3 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.18.3

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.21.11`
Fixed version	`1.21.11`
EPSS Score	`0.082%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The various Is methods (IsPrivate, IsLoopback, etc) did not work as expected for IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, returning false for addresses which would return true in their traditional IPv4 forms.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.243%`
EPSS Percentile	`47th percentile`

Description

Not all valid JavaScript whitespace characters are considered to be whitespace. Templates containing whitespace characters outside of the character set "\t\n\f\r\u0020\u2028\u2029" in JavaScript contexts that also contain actions may not be properly sanitized during execution.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.646%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

Templates do not properly consider backticks (`) as Javascript string delimiters, and do not escape them as expected.

Backticks are used, since ES6, for JS template literals. If a template contains a Go template action within a Javascript template literal, the contents of the action can be used to terminate the literal, injecting arbitrary Javascript code into the Go template.

As ES6 template literals are rather complex, and themselves can do string interpolation, the decision was made to simply disallow Go template actions from being used inside of them (e.g. "var a = {{.}}"), since there is no obviously safe way to allow this behavior. This takes the same approach as github.com/google/safehtml.

With fix, Template.Parse returns an Error when it encounters templates like this, with an ErrorCode of value 12. This ErrorCode is currently unexported, but will be exported in the release of Go 1.21.

Users who rely on the previous behavior can re-enable it using the GODEBUG flag jstmpllitinterp=1, with the caveat that backticks will now be escaped. This should be used with caution.

Affected range	`<1.23.8`
Fixed version	`1.23.8`
EPSS Score	`0.169%`
EPSS Percentile	`38th percentile`

Description

The net/http package improperly accepts a bare LF as a line terminator in chunked data chunk-size lines. This can permit request smuggling if a net/http server is used in conjunction with a server that incorrectly accepts a bare LF as part of a chunk-ext.

Affected range	`<1.19.10`
Fixed version	`1.19.10`
EPSS Score	`0.009%`
EPSS Percentile	`1st percentile`

Description

On Unix platforms, the Go runtime does not behave differently when a binary is run with the setuid/setgid bits. This can be dangerous in certain cases, such as when dumping memory state, or assuming the status of standard i/o file descriptors.

If a setuid/setgid binary is executed with standard I/O file descriptors closed, opening any files can result in unexpected content being read or written with elevated privileges. Similarly, if a setuid/setgid program is terminated, either via panic or signal, it may leak the contents of its registers.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.163%`
EPSS Percentile	`37th percentile`

Description

Calling Parse on a "// +build" build tag line with deeply nested expressions can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.22.7`
Fixed version	`1.22.7`
EPSS Score	`0.306%`
EPSS Percentile	`53rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion. This is a follow-up to CVE-2022-30635.

Affected range	`<1.21.12`
Fixed version	`1.21.12`
EPSS Score	`0.618%`
EPSS Percentile	`70th percentile`

Description

The net/http HTTP/1.1 client mishandled the case where a server responds to a request with an "Expect: 100-continue" header with a non-informational (200 or higher) status. This mishandling could leave a client connection in an invalid state, where the next request sent on the connection will fail.

An attacker sending a request to a net/http/httputil.ReverseProxy proxy can exploit this mishandling to cause a denial of service by sending "Expect: 100-continue" requests which elicit a non-informational response from the backend. Each such request leaves the proxy with an invalid connection, and causes one subsequent request using that connection to fail.

Affected range	`<1.21.8`
Fixed version	`1.21.8`
EPSS Score	`1.498%`
EPSS Percentile	`81st percentile`

Description

The ParseAddressList function incorrectly handles comments (text within parentheses) within display names. Since this is a misalignment with conforming address parsers, it can result in different trust decisions being made by programs using different parsers.

Affected range	`<1.21.9`
Fixed version	`1.21.9`
EPSS Score	`71.463%`
EPSS Percentile	`99th percentile`

Description

An attacker may cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data by sending an excessive number of CONTINUATION frames.

Maintaining HPACK state requires parsing and processing all HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames on a connection. When a request's headers exceed MaxHeaderBytes, no memory is allocated to store the excess headers, but they are still parsed.

This permits an attacker to cause an HTTP/2 endpoint to read arbitrary amounts of header data, all associated with a request which is going to be rejected. These headers can include Huffman-encoded data which is significantly more expensive for the receiver to decode than for an attacker to send.

The fix sets a limit on the amount of excess header frames we will process before closing a connection.

Affected range	`<1.20.0`
Fixed version	`1.20.0`
EPSS Score	`0.190%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

Before Go 1.20, the RSA based TLS key exchanges used the math/big library, which is not constant time. RSA blinding was applied to prevent timing attacks, but analysis shows this may not have been fully effective. In particular it appears as if the removal of PKCS#1 padding may leak timing information, which in turn could be used to recover session key bits.

In Go 1.20, the crypto/tls library switched to a fully constant time RSA implementation, which we do not believe exhibits any timing side channels.

Affected range	`<1.20.11`
Fixed version	`1.20.11`
EPSS Score	`0.083%`
EPSS Percentile	`24th percentile`

Description

The filepath package does not recognize paths with a ??\ prefix as special.

On Windows, a path beginning with ??\ is a Root Local Device path equivalent to a path beginning with \?. Paths with a ??\ prefix may be used to access arbitrary locations on the system. For example, the path ??\c:\x is equivalent to the more common path c:\x.

Before fix, Clean could convert a rooted path such as \a..??\b into the root local device path ??\b. Clean will now convert this to .??\b.

Similarly, Join(, ??, b) could convert a seemingly innocent sequence of path elements into the root local device path ??\b. Join will now convert this to .??\b.

In addition, with fix, IsAbs now correctly reports paths beginning with ??\ as absolute, and VolumeName correctly reports the ??\ prefix as a volume name.

UPDATE: Go 1.20.11 and Go 1.21.4 inadvertently changed the definition of the volume name in Windows paths starting with ?, resulting in filepath.Clean(?\c:) returning ?\c: rather than ?\c:\ (among other effects). The previous behavior has been restored.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`94.400%`
EPSS Percentile	`100th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.20.10`
Fixed version	`1.20.10`
EPSS Score	`0.150%`
EPSS Percentile	`35th percentile`

Description

A malicious HTTP/2 client which rapidly creates requests and immediately resets them can cause excessive server resource consumption. While the total number of requests is bounded by the http2.Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting, resetting an in-progress request allows the attacker to create a new request while the existing one is still executing.

With the fix applied, HTTP/2 servers now bound the number of simultaneously executing handler goroutines to the stream concurrency limit (MaxConcurrentStreams). New requests arriving when at the limit (which can only happen after the client has reset an existing, in-flight request) will be queued until a handler exits. If the request queue grows too large, the server will terminate the connection.

This issue is also fixed in golang.org/x/net/http2 for users manually configuring HTTP/2.

The default stream concurrency limit is 250 streams (requests) per HTTP/2 connection. This value may be adjusted using the golang.org/x/net/http2 package; see the Server.MaxConcurrentStreams setting and the ConfigureServer function.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Calling any of the Parse functions on Go source code which contains //line directives with very large line numbers can cause an infinite loop due to integer overflow.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.070%`
EPSS Percentile	`21st percentile`

Description

Multipart form parsing can consume large amounts of CPU and memory when processing form inputs containing very large numbers of parts.

This stems from several causes:

mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm limits the total memory a parsed multipart form can consume. ReadForm can undercount the amount of memory consumed, leading it to accept larger inputs than intended.

Limiting total memory does not account for increased pressure on the garbage collector from large numbers of small allocations in forms with many parts.

ReadForm can allocate a large number of short-lived buffers, further increasing pressure on the garbage collector.

The combination of these factors can permit an attacker to cause an program that parses multipart forms to consume large amounts of CPU and memory, potentially resulting in a denial of service. This affects programs that use mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm, as well as form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

With fix, ReadForm now does a better job of estimating the memory consumption of parsed forms, and performs many fewer short-lived allocations.

In addition, the fixed mime/multipart.Reader imposes the following limits on the size of parsed forms:

Forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 1000 parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxparts=.

Form parts parsed with NextPart and NextRawPart may contain no more than 10,000 header fields. In addition, forms parsed with ReadForm may contain no more than 10,000 header fields across all parts. This limit may be adjusted with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartmaxheaders=.

Affected range	`<1.19.8`
Fixed version	`1.19.8`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

HTTP and MIME header parsing can allocate large amounts of memory, even when parsing small inputs, potentially leading to a denial of service.

Certain unusual patterns of input data can cause the common function used to parse HTTP and MIME headers to allocate substantially more memory than required to hold the parsed headers. An attacker can exploit this behavior to cause an HTTP server to allocate large amounts of memory from a small request, potentially leading to memory exhaustion and a denial of service.

With fix, header parsing now correctly allocates only the memory required to hold parsed headers.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.055%`
EPSS Percentile	`17th percentile`

Description

A denial of service is possible from excessive resource consumption in net/http and mime/multipart.

Multipart form parsing with mime/multipart.Reader.ReadForm can consume largely unlimited amounts of memory and disk files. This also affects form parsing in the net/http package with the Request methods FormFile, FormValue, ParseMultipartForm, and PostFormValue.

ReadForm takes a maxMemory parameter, and is documented as storing "up to maxMemory bytes +10MB (reserved for non-file parts) in memory". File parts which cannot be stored in memory are stored on disk in temporary files. The unconfigurable 10MB reserved for non-file parts is excessively large and can potentially open a denial of service vector on its own. However, ReadForm did not properly account for all memory consumed by a parsed form, such as map entry overhead, part names, and MIME headers, permitting a maliciously crafted form to consume well over 10MB. In addition, ReadForm contained no limit on the number of disk files created, permitting a relatively small request body to create a large number of disk temporary files.

With fix, ReadForm now properly accounts for various forms of memory overhead, and should now stay within its documented limit of 10MB + maxMemory bytes of memory consumption. Users should still be aware that this limit is high and may still be hazardous.

In addition, ReadForm now creates at most one on-disk temporary file, combining multiple form parts into a single temporary file. The mime/multipart.File interface type's documentation states, "If stored on disk, the File's underlying concrete type will be an *os.File.". This is no longer the case when a form contains more than one file part, due to this coalescing of parts into a single file. The previous behavior of using distinct files for each form part may be reenabled with the environment variable GODEBUG=multipartfiles=distinct.

Users should be aware that multipart.ReadForm and the http.Request methods that call it do not limit the amount of disk consumed by temporary files. Callers can limit the size of form data with http.MaxBytesReader.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Large handshake records may cause panics in crypto/tls.

Both clients and servers may send large TLS handshake records which cause servers and clients, respectively, to panic when attempting to construct responses.

This affects all TLS 1.3 clients, TLS 1.2 clients which explicitly enable session resumption (by setting Config.ClientSessionCache to a non-nil value), and TLS 1.3 servers which request client certificates (by setting Config.ClientAuth >= RequestClientCert).

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.195%`
EPSS Percentile	`41st percentile`

Description

A maliciously crafted HTTP/2 stream could cause excessive CPU consumption in the HPACK decoder, sufficient to cause a denial of service from a small number of small requests.

Affected range	`<1.19.6`
Fixed version	`1.19.6`
EPSS Score	`0.175%`
EPSS Percentile	`39th percentile`

Description

A path traversal vulnerability exists in filepath.Clean on Windows.

On Windows, the filepath.Clean function could transform an invalid path such as "a/../c:/b" into the valid path "c:\b". This transformation of a relative (if invalid) path into an absolute path could enable a directory traversal attack.

After fix, the filepath.Clean function transforms this path into the relative (but still invalid) path ".\c:\b".

Affected range	`<1.18.9`
Fixed version	`1.18.9`
EPSS Score	`0.035%`
EPSS Percentile	`10th percentile`

Description

On Windows, restricted files can be accessed via os.DirFS and http.Dir.

The os.DirFS function and http.Dir type provide access to a tree of files rooted at a given directory. These functions permit access to Windows device files under that root. For example, os.DirFS("C:/tmp").Open("COM1") opens the COM1 device. Both os.DirFS and http.Dir only provide read-only filesystem access.

In addition, on Windows, an os.DirFS for the directory (the root of the current drive) can permit a maliciously crafted path to escape from the drive and access any path on the system.

With fix applied, the behavior of os.DirFS("") has changed. Previously, an empty root was treated equivalently to "/", so os.DirFS("").Open("tmp") would open the path "/tmp". This now returns an error.

Affected range	`<1.18.8`
Fixed version	`1.18.8`
EPSS Score	`0.013%`
EPSS Percentile	`2nd percentile`

Description

Due to unsanitized NUL values, attackers may be able to maliciously set environment variables on Windows.

In syscall.StartProcess and os/exec.Cmd, invalid environment variable values containing NUL values are not properly checked for. A malicious environment variable value can exploit this behavior to set a value for a different environment variable. For example, the environment variable string "A=B\x00C=D" sets the variables "A=B" and "C=D".

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Programs which compile regular expressions from untrusted sources may be vulnerable to memory exhaustion or denial of service.

The parsed regexp representation is linear in the size of the input, but in some cases the constant factor can be as high as 40,000, making relatively small regexps consume much larger amounts of memory.

After fix, each regexp being parsed is limited to a 256 MB memory footprint. Regular expressions whose representation would use more space than that are rejected. Normal use of regular expressions is unaffected.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.5`
Fixed version	`1.18.5`
EPSS Score	`0.113%`
EPSS Percentile	`30th percentile`

Description

Decoding big.Float and big.Rat types can panic if the encoded message is too short, potentially allowing a denial of service.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.098%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Decode on a message which contains deeply nested structures can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Unmarshaling an XML document into a Go struct which has a nested field that uses the 'any' field tag can panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.096%`
EPSS Percentile	`27th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.041%`
EPSS Percentile	`12th percentile`

Description

Calling Reader.Read on an archive containing a large number of concatenated 0-length compressed files can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

Calling Glob on a path which contains a large number of path separators can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.032%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Requests forwarded by ReverseProxy include the raw query parameters from the inbound request, including unparsable parameters rejected by net/http. This could permit query parameter smuggling when a Go proxy forwards a parameter with an unparsable value.

After fix, ReverseProxy sanitizes the query parameters in the forwarded query when the outbound request's Form field is set after the ReverseProxy. Director function returns, indicating that the proxy has parsed the query parameters. Proxies which do not parse query parameters continue to forward the original query parameters unchanged.

Affected range	`<1.18.7`
Fixed version	`1.18.7`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

Affected range	`>=1.18.0-0 <1.18.4`
Fixed version	`1.18.4`
EPSS Score	`0.015%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

Calling Decoder.Skip when parsing a deeply nested XML document can cause a panic due to stack exhaustion.

Affected range	`<1.18.6`
Fixed version	`1.18.6`
EPSS Score	`0.093%`
EPSS Percentile	`26th percentile`

Description

HTTP/2 server connections can hang forever waiting for a clean shutdown that was preempted by a fatal error. This condition can be exploited by a malicious client to cause a denial of service.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.048%`
EPSS Percentile	`15th percentile`

Description

Templates containing actions in unquoted HTML attributes (e.g. "attr={{.}}") executed with empty input can result in output with unexpected results when parsed due to HTML normalization rules. This may allow injection of arbitrary attributes into tags.

Affected range	`<1.19.9`
Fixed version	`1.19.9`
EPSS Score	`0.065%`
EPSS Percentile	`20th percentile`

Description

Angle brackets (<>) are not considered dangerous characters when inserted into CSS contexts. Templates containing multiple actions separated by a '/' character can result in unexpectedly closing the CSS context and allowing for injection of unexpected HTML, if executed with untrusted input.

stdlib 1.24.4 (golang)

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.24.4

Affected range	`<1.24.13`
Fixed version	`1.24.13`
EPSS Score	`0.016%`
EPSS Percentile	`3rd percentile`

Description

During session resumption in crypto/tls, if the underlying Config has its ClientCAs or RootCAs fields mutated between the initial handshake and the resumed handshake, the resumed handshake may succeed when it should have failed. This may happen when a user calls Config.Clone and mutates the returned Config, or uses Config.GetConfigForClient. This can cause a client to resume a session with a server that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake, or cause a server to resume a session with a client that it would not have resumed with during the initial handshake.

Affected range	`<1.24.11`
Fixed version	`1.24.11`
EPSS Score	`0.017%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Within HostnameError.Error(), when constructing an error string, there is no limit to the number of hosts that will be printed out. Furthermore, the error string is constructed by repeated string concatenation, leading to quadratic runtime. Therefore, a certificate provided by a malicious actor can result in excessive resource consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.12`
Fixed version	`1.24.12`
EPSS Score	`0.026%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

The net/url package does not set a limit on the number of query parameters in a query.

While the maximum size of query parameters in URLs is generally limited by the maximum request header size, the net/http.Request.ParseForm method can parse large URL-encoded forms. Parsing a large form containing many unique query parameters can cause excessive memory consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

The ParseAddress function constructs domain-literal address components through repeated string concatenation. When parsing large domain-literal components, this can cause excessive CPU consumption.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.038%`
EPSS Percentile	`11th percentile`

Description

The processing time for parsing some invalid inputs scales non-linearly with respect to the size of the input.

This affects programs which parse untrusted PEM inputs.

Affected range	`<1.24.8`
Fixed version	`1.24.8`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Validating certificate chains which contain DSA public keys can cause programs to panic, due to a interface cast that assumes they implement the Equal method.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

Affected range	`<1.24.9`
Fixed version	`1.24.9`
EPSS Score	`0.018%`
EPSS Percentile	`4th percentile`

Description

Due to the design of the name constraint checking algorithm, the processing time of some inputs scale non-linearly with respect to the size of the certificate.

This affects programs which validate arbitrary certificate chains.

urllib3 2.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/urllib3@2.0.7

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.22 <2.6.3`
Fixed version	`2.6.3`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.031%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). When using the streaming API, the library decompresses only the necessary bytes, enabling partial content consumption.

However, for HTTP redirect responses, the library would read the entire response body to drain the connection and decompress the content unnecessarily. This decompression occurred even before any read methods were called, and configured read limits did not restrict the amount of decompressed data. As a result, there was no safeguard against decompression bombs. A malicious server could exploit this to trigger excessive resource consumption on the client (high CPU usage and large memory allocations for decompressed data; CWE-409).

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.6.2 and earlier to stream content from untrusted sources by setting preload_content=False when they do not disable redirects.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.3 in which the library does not decode content of redirect responses when preload_content=False.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, disable redirects by setting redirect=False for requests to untrusted source.

Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)

Affected range	`>=1.0 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.027%`
EPSS Percentile	`7th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3's streaming API is designed for the efficient handling of large HTTP responses by reading the content in chunks, rather than loading the entire response body into memory at once.

When streaming a compressed response, urllib3 can perform decoding or decompression based on the HTTP Content-Encoding header (e.g., gzip, deflate, br, or zstd). The library must read compressed data from the network and decompress it until the requested chunk size is met. Any resulting decompressed data that exceeds the requested amount is held in an internal buffer for the next read operation.

The decompression logic could cause urllib3 to fully decode a small amount of highly compressed data in a single operation. This can result in excessive resource consumption (high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data; CWE-409) on the client side, even if the application only requested a small chunk of data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier to stream large compressed responses or content from untrusted sources.

stream(), read(amt=256), read1(amt=256), read_chunked(amt=256), readinto(b) are examples of urllib3.HTTPResponse method calls using the affected logic unless decoding is disabled explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library avoids decompressing data that exceeds the requested amount.

If your environment contains a package facilitating the Brotli encoding, upgrade to at least Brotli 1.2.0 or brotlicffi 1.2.0.0 too. These versions are enforced by the urllib3[brotli] extra in the patched versions of urllib3.

Credits

The issue was reported by @Cycloctane.
Supplemental information was provided by @stamparm during a security audit performed by 7ASecurity and facilitated by OSTIF.

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Affected range	`>=1.24 <2.6.0`
Fixed version	`2.6.0`
CVSS Score	`8.9`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H`
EPSS Score	`0.029%`
EPSS Percentile	`8th percentile`

Description

Impact

urllib3 supports chained HTTP encoding algorithms for response content according to RFC 9110 (e.g., Content-Encoding: gzip, zstd).

However, the number of links in the decompression chain was unbounded allowing a malicious server to insert a virtually unlimited number of compression steps leading to high CPU usage and massive memory allocation for the decompressed data.

Affected usages

Applications and libraries using urllib3 version 2.5.0 and earlier for HTTP requests to untrusted sources unless they disable content decoding explicitly.

Remediation

Upgrade to at least urllib3 v2.6.0 in which the library limits the number of links to 5.

If upgrading is not immediately possible, use preload_content=False and ensure that resp.headers["content-encoding"] contains a safe number of encodings before reading the response content.

cryptography 41.0.7 (pypi)

pkg:pypi/cryptography@41.0.7

Observable Discrepancy

Affected range	`<42.0.0`
Fixed version	`42.0.0`
CVSS Score	`8.7`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N`
EPSS Score	`0.855%`
EPSS Percentile	`75th percentile`

Description

A flaw was found in the python-cryptography package. This issue may allow a remote attacker to decrypt captured messages in TLS servers that use RSA key exchanges, which may lead to exposure of confidential or sensitive data.

Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Affected range	`<=46.0.4`
Fixed version	`46.0.5`
CVSS Score	`8.2`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X`
EPSS Score	`0.007%`
EPSS Percentile	`0th percentile`

Description

Vulnerability Summary

The public_key_from_numbers (or EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key()), EllipticCurvePublicNumbers.public_key(), load_der_public_key() and load_pem_public_key() functions do not verify that the point belongs to the expected prime-order subgroup of the curve.

This missing validation allows an attacker to provide a public key point P from a small-order subgroup. This can lead to security issues in various situations, such as the most commonly used signature verification (ECDSA) and shared key negotiation (ECDH). When the victim computes the shared secret as S = [victim_private_key]P via ECDH, this leaks information about victim_private_key mod (small_subgroup_order). For curves with cofactor > 1, this reveals the least significant bits of the private key. When these weak public keys are used in ECDSA , it's easy to forge signatures on the small subgroup.

Only SECT curves are impacted by this.

Credit

This vulnerability was discovered by:

XlabAI Team of Tencent Xuanwu Lab

Atuin Automated Vulnerability Discovery Engine

NULL Pointer Dereference

Affected range	`>=38.0.0 <42.0.4`
Fixed version	`42.0.4`
CVSS Score	`7.5`
CVSS Vector	`CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H`
EPSS Score	`0.341%`
EPSS Percentile	`56th percentile`

Description

If pkcs12.serialize_key_and_certificates is called with both:

A certificate whose public key did not match the provided private key

An encryption_algorithm with hmac_hash set (via PrivateFormat.PKCS12.encryption_builder().hmac_hash(...)

Then a NULL pointer dereference would occur, crashing the Python process.

This has been resolved, and now a ValueError is properly raised.

Patched in pyca/cryptography#10423

golang.org/x/crypto 0.36.0 (golang)

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.36.0

Affected range	`<0.43.0`
Fixed version	`0.43.0`
EPSS Score	`0.033%`
EPSS Percentile	`9th percentile`

Description

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

github-actions · 2026-02-26T21:29:16Z

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