feat: AsyncClient project get_job, get_query_results, get_table, list_partitions

[kiraksi]

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Fixes googleapis/google-cloud-python#15742 🦕

[chalmerlowe]

Migration Notice: This library is moving to the google-cloud-python monorepo soon.

We closed this PR due to inactivity to ensure a clean migration. Please re-open this work in the new monorepo once the migration is complete!