From 3b3253b2d87e4673fd87c7ec825644a3d02d1fd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kvadrik <41710943+kvadrik@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 23:19:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/6] Update volume.py

---
 maths/volume.py | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+)

diff --git a/maths/volume.py b/maths/volume.py
index 1715c9c300d5..a31c9d53e381 100644
--- a/maths/volume.py
+++ b/maths/volume.py
@@ -509,6 +509,30 @@ def vol_torus(torus_radius: float, tube_radius: float) -> float:
         raise ValueError("vol_torus() only accepts non-negative values")
     return 2 * pow(pi, 2) * torus_radius * pow(tube_radius, 2)
 
+def vol_octahedron(oct_side: float) -> float:
+    """
+    | Calculate the Volume of an Octahedron.
+    | Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_octahedron
+
+    >>> from math import isclose
+    >>> isclose(vol_octahedron(2.5), 7.36569563735987)
+    True
+    >>> isclose(vol_octahedron(10), 471.40452079103168)
+    True
+    >>> isclose(vol_octahedron(5), 58.92556509887896)
+    True
+    >>> isclose(vol_octahedron(3.5), 20.21146882891548)
+    True
+    >>> vol_octahedron(0)
+    0.0
+    >>> vol_octahedron(-1)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: vol_octahedron() only accepts non-negative values
+    """
+    if oct_side < 0:
+        raise ValueError("vol_octahedron() only accepts non-negative values")
+    return oct_side**3 * 2**0.5 / 3
 
 def vol_icosahedron(tri_side: float) -> float:
     """
@@ -560,6 +584,7 @@ def main():
     print(
         f"Hollow Circular Cylinder: {vol_hollow_circular_cylinder(1, 2, 3) = }"
     )  # ~= 28.3
+    print(f"Octahedron: {vol_octahedron(2.5) = }") # ~=7.37
     print(f"Icosahedron: {vol_icosahedron(2.5) = }")  # ~=34.09
 
 

From 4134ea75bc005c9b99c8c7ca5c162fa804d8c34f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 21:21:47 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/6] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 maths/volume.py | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/maths/volume.py b/maths/volume.py
index a31c9d53e381..f48d388b423e 100644
--- a/maths/volume.py
+++ b/maths/volume.py
@@ -509,6 +509,7 @@ def vol_torus(torus_radius: float, tube_radius: float) -> float:
         raise ValueError("vol_torus() only accepts non-negative values")
     return 2 * pow(pi, 2) * torus_radius * pow(tube_radius, 2)
 
+
 def vol_octahedron(oct_side: float) -> float:
     """
     | Calculate the Volume of an Octahedron.
@@ -534,6 +535,7 @@ def vol_octahedron(oct_side: float) -> float:
         raise ValueError("vol_octahedron() only accepts non-negative values")
     return oct_side**3 * 2**0.5 / 3
 
+
 def vol_icosahedron(tri_side: float) -> float:
     """
     | Calculate the Volume of an Icosahedron.
@@ -584,7 +586,7 @@ def main():
     print(
         f"Hollow Circular Cylinder: {vol_hollow_circular_cylinder(1, 2, 3) = }"
     )  # ~= 28.3
-    print(f"Octahedron: {vol_octahedron(2.5) = }") # ~=7.37
+    print(f"Octahedron: {vol_octahedron(2.5) = }")  # ~=7.37
     print(f"Icosahedron: {vol_icosahedron(2.5) = }")  # ~=34.09
 
 

From 619a4a70968987de7595d3d41dbb07475d4de4be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kvadrik <41710943+kvadrik@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 11:54:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3/6] refactor: remove unnecessary empty iterable in deque
 (RUF037)

Clean up trailing whitespace and empty list in deque initialization to satisfy Ruff linting rules.
---
 data_structures/hashing/hash_table_with_linked_list.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/data_structures/hashing/hash_table_with_linked_list.py b/data_structures/hashing/hash_table_with_linked_list.py
index f404c5251246..c8dffa30b8e8 100644
--- a/data_structures/hashing/hash_table_with_linked_list.py
+++ b/data_structures/hashing/hash_table_with_linked_list.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def _set_value(self, key, data):
-        self.values[key] = deque([]) if self.values[key] is None else self.values[key]
+        self.values[key] = deque() if self.values[key] is None else self.values[key]
         self.values[key].appendleft(data)
         self._keys[key] = self.values[key]
 

From 8dcb65b7b01ec258c34364ff9a201ef4d5801eff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kvadrik <41710943+kvadrik@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 13:40:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 4/6] style: update valid_input to use Python 3.12 type
 parameters

Applied PEP 695 syntax to the valid_input function by moving the 'num' generic into brackets. This resolves the UP047 error in the machine_learning directory.
---
 machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py b/machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py
index 8528ccbbae51..af5248c4dbc4 100644
--- a/machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py
+++ b/machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ def accuracy(actual_y: list, predicted_y: list) -> float:
 num = TypeVar("num")
 
 
-def valid_input(
+def valid_input[num](
     input_type: Callable[[object], num],  # Usually float or int
     input_msg: str,
     err_msg: str,

From 634e0afe59f8bfec9758ae0a6d43c6082e33cdbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kvadrik <41710943+kvadrik@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 13:44:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 5/6] style: update generic functions to Python 3.12 syntax
 (UP047)

Refactor jump_search to use PEP 695 type parameters [T] as required by the latest Ruff configuration.
---
 searches/jump_search.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/searches/jump_search.py b/searches/jump_search.py
index e72d85e8a868..cf19af2432c2 100644
--- a/searches/jump_search.py
+++ b/searches/jump_search.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def __lt__(self, other: Any, /) -> bool: ...
 T = TypeVar("T", bound=Comparable)
 
 
-def jump_search(arr: Sequence[T], item: T) -> int:
+def jump_search[T](arr: Sequence[T], item: T) -> int:
     """
     Python implementation of the jump search algorithm.
     Return the index if the `item` is found, otherwise return -1.

From 87aad764cdee190ba38940d0a6f67990add9ea3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kvadrik <41710943+kvadrik@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 13:52:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 6/6] fix(types): add Comparable bound to jump_search type
 parameter

Updated the PEP 695 type parameter syntax to include the 'Comparable' bound. This resolves the Mypy error regarding unsupported left operand types for the '<' operator, ensuring that the generic type T supports comparisons.
---
 searches/jump_search.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/searches/jump_search.py b/searches/jump_search.py
index cf19af2432c2..b443d09283b0 100644
--- a/searches/jump_search.py
+++ b/searches/jump_search.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def __lt__(self, other: Any, /) -> bool: ...
 T = TypeVar("T", bound=Comparable)
 
 
-def jump_search[T](arr: Sequence[T], item: T) -> int:
+def jump_search[T: Comparable](arr: Sequence[T], item: T) -> int:
     """
     Python implementation of the jump search algorithm.
     Return the index if the `item` is found, otherwise return -1.